Pakistan has a long history and is one of the earliest civilizations in the world. Today, the Indus River in Pakistan is the birthplace of South Asian civilization,
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Before the 19th century, due to the lack of historical materials, people knew almost nothing about the prehistory of India. Some major archaeological discoveries in the 20th century changed that. The misunderstanding that the history of India is the history of the Aryans in the past has been completely denied with the discovery of the Indus Valley Civilization; the arrival of the Aryans is no longer considered the beginning of Indian civilization. Archaeological research shows that India has become a human settlement in the Paleolithic period. By the time of the Aryan invasion, many peoples had settled in India, and the composition of these inhabitants was complex; some of them had a highly developed culture. Of these ancient inhabitants, only Vedic and early Tamil texts retain some vague records, the rest rely entirely on archaeology.
Paleolithic
The Suoan culture is distributed in the Indus Valley and its tributaries, the Suoan River, with the center located in the area of Rawalpindi (now Pakistan).
- Mesolithic
- Neolithic
- The era of combined use of gold and stone
- ancient history
Vedic Culture
The Indus Valley Civilization of the third millennium BC, usually named after its representative site, Harappa (in Western Punjab), is called the Harappan culture, The Harappan culture is a civilization with a very wide distribution, roughly at the same time as the ancient Mesopotamia culture and the ancient Egyptian culture in time, After reaching a fairly developed and mature state, this culture declined for reasons that are still unknown and eventually disappeared completely. The Harappan culture was replaced by a new cultural system brought by the Aryans who entered India from the northwest, and this culture (sometimes called the Vedic culture in the name of its holy scriptures) was the origin of classical Indian culture, The history of the early Vedic period is almost entirely unknown; the Rig Veda describes the main activities of the Aryans during this period as sacrifice, migration, and conquest of the indigenous peoples (probably Dravidians). The main objects of sacrifice of the Aryans at this time were the gods Indra and Agni, who represented the power of nature. During the late Vedic period, the culture of the Aryans developed considerably compared to before; they moved from the Punjab, where they primarily lived, into the Ganges region, The caste system probably appeared at this time, Brahmanism, which worshipped the three gods Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva, replaced the early Vedic beliefs that worshipped the gods of natureA notable feature is the elevated status of the priestly class (Brahmin). The Puranas and the Great Indian Epic describe the division of the Aryans into different tribal groups during this period, and a leader (king) known as the "Raja" had appeared among the people. Frequent warfare between rival tribal groups culminated in the formation of numerous early Indian states. There were no less than 20 such states in India in the first 600 years, by which time the Vedic era is generally considered to be over. This historical period is the so-called period of nations, and is often referred to as the period of the Buddha because Buddhism was born in this period. The spiritual life of India was very active in the era of nations, and many philosophical or religious schools emerged, among which Buddhism and Jainism have the longest influence. Commonly referred to as the "sramana trend," this outburst of thought has one thing in common with many of the new trends that have emerged, and they are all opposed to the privileged position of Brahmins in Indian society.
Invasion of Persians and Greeks
In the late 6th century BC, the Persian king Darius I conquered what is now Pakistan and northwestern India. This was the first recorded political contact between Indo-Aryan society and other advanced civilizations. The Indian subcontinent ruled by Darius I was divided into several provinces (satrapy). Invading India after Darius was the greatest conqueror of ancient Europe, Alexander the Great, the Macedonian king. The weakening of the Persian Empire allowed him to drive straight into Asia, and the furthest point his troops could reach was India. Alexander's invasion of northwestern India leaves no record in Indian literature, yet it may have contributed to the rise of the Mauryan dynasty.
Rajput period
The Arabs conquered Pakistan and Sindh in northwestern India in the early 8th century, ushering in the Muslim entry into South Asia.
- Islamic period
- Main article: Delhi Sultanate
- Mughal Empire
- Main article: Mughal Empire
- modern history
- colonial period
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The main entity that operated the British affairs in India and Pakistan was the British East India Company, a commercial trading enterprise that was able to gradually erode the territories of the independent Indian princes due to the split of the Mughal Empire, and finally became the actual ruler of India and Pakistan.
Partition of India and Pakistan
The First World War had a major impact on the development of Indian nationalism. The Indian elite actively supported Britain during the war in exchange for national autonomy; but they were greatly disappointed by British behavior after the war. The British government continued to enforce martial law after the war, and also enacted a new repression act (the Rowlatt Act). On April 13, 1919, the Amritsar massacre occurred in which the British army massacred the Indian masses. These facts led Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, who had become a major figure in the Congress party, to change his attitude towards the British government and to reorganize the Congress party in 1920, The Congress Party, which led the anti-British struggle on several occasions between the two world wars, was guided by the principles of non-violence and non-cooperation advocated by Gandhi. However, divisions between Hindus and Muslims are also deepening. Muhammad Ali Jinnah emerged as the Muslim leader of the Congress party, rivaling Gandhi, who had mastered the Hindu masses. The Nehru Report of 1928 caused a strong backlash from Muslims because it mainly reflected the wishes of Hindus. British authorities convened three London Roundtables of Maharajas and political leaders of All India between 1930 and 1932 and passed a new India Act in 1935 (Government of India Act 1935), while giving the Congress Party significant power, it also exacerbated the discord between the two factions. During World War II, the Indian national movement continued to develop. The meeting between Gandhi and Jinnah in 1944 ended in failure, and Indian Muslims had widely supported the establishment of an independent Islamic state. After the end of World War II, Britain's power declined sharply, and its colonial rule in India was impossible to maintain. In 1946, the Royal Indian Navy revolted. Immediately after the incident, the United Kingdom sent a cabinet special mission to negotiate. The main content was to discuss the contradiction between the Congress Party and the Muslim League in order to hand over the power. In 1947, the United Kingdom proposed the Mountbatten Plan. According to the plan, the two dominions of Pakistan and India were established on August 14 and August 15, 1947 respectively, and the British rule in India came to an end.
Islamic Republic of Pakistan
In June 1947, the United Kingdom announced the Mountbatten Plan, agreeing to the partition of India and Pakistan. On August 14, Pakistan declared independence and became a dominion of the Commonwealth of Nations. On March 23, 1956, Pakistan changed its dominion into a republic, and the country was named the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
British Colonial Repression War
After Pakistan became independent, three Indo-Pakistani wars occurred in Kashmir in 1948, 1965 and 1971 due to territorial disputes with India (that is, the Kashmir issue). The third Indo-Pakistani war directly resulted in the independence of East Pakistan to become Bangladesh. In July 1972, the two sides signed the Shimla Agreement to achieve a ceasefire. Since then, the two sides have held talks for many times, but no agreement has been reached. Since 1989, the two sides have exchanged fire continuously. In May 1998, Pakistan conducted six underground nuclear tests after India, which intensified the tension. In April 2003, India and Pakistan successively expressed their willingness to resume dialogue, and stopped at the Line of Actual Control on November 25.
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